Categories: CENSUSNEWSUSA

Zillow and Census Bureau Data Show Pandemic’s Impact on Housing Market

The housing market came to a screeching halt in March 2020, when much of the nation shut down in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

But the summer rebound, when many strict lockdown measures were lifted, was big and fast and revealed new homebuying patterns: Americans, many now used to working remotely, began buying farther away from some cities and traditional job centers.

Zillow found that nearly two million renters unable to afford homes in metro areas could now afford to buy farther out because they no longer had to commute to work.

During a U.S. Census Bureau Local Employment Dynamics Webinar earlier this year, economists from real estate firm Zillow showed how pairing Census Bureau data with Zillow data revealed the impact of the pandemic on housing market trends.

Among stats cited: the Census Bureau’s Longitudinal Employer-Household Dynamics (LEHD), Origin-Destination Employment Statistics (LODES); the 2018 American Community Survey (ACS) 1-year estimates; and the Current Population Survey (CPS), sponsored jointly by the Census Bureau and the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).

New for-sale housing inventory improved during the summer of 2020 but failed to keep up with sales growth. In 2020, there were fewer houses for sale (Zillow’s research data site) than in 2019, which created a home buying market with hyper-competitive conditions.

When Home Is Where the Work Is

Even before the pandemic, 2020 was expected to be a big home-buying year because of the wave of millennials reaching home-buying age. More than 72 million were in their 40s, the prime age to buy a home.

Millions of potential home buyers will age into their prime home buying age in coming years

Then COVID-19 happened and many of these millennials found themselves working from home. Zillow found that nearly two million renters unable to afford homes in metro areas could now afford to buy farther out because they no longer had to commute to work.

As a result, many renters became homebuyers and home and rental prices diverged around the time the pandemic hit the United States.

But lower-income households more likely to rent were also more likely to have experienced job loss in hard-hit industries, such as retail trade, accommodations and food services.

Those facing financial pressures turned to alternatives, including “doubling up” or moving back in with their families, according to Zillow research. That shift, in turn, added to a decline in rental demand.

Did COVID-19 Change Cities?

Despite some concern that a pandemic-related mass exodus from metro areas was changing U.S. cities, cities are still very much alive and the housing market in some has even grown.

Zillow economists found pandemic’s impact on where people live varied across regions.

To clearly define urban and suburban, the Zillow Group used a ZIP code classification system for urban, suburban and rural areas. It then combined them with Census Bureau variables, such as population density, age of housing stock and other variables.

In cities in the Northeast and West regions like New York and San Francisco, home value growth trailed the suburbs but the opposite happened in markets in the Midwest. For example, home values surged the city in the Kansas City and Cleveland metro areas, where urban prices were relatively affordable.

Basically, it appears that people in larger, more expensive metros were not willing to pay premium prices for proximity to amenities that were no longer available during the pandemic, like restaurants, museums and theaters. But demand boomed in more affordable urban areas.

Connection Between Jobs and Homes

“It’s important to call out the relationship between housing and jobs, and how intertwined these things are,’’ said Nicole Bachaud, a Zillow economic data analyst who presented during the Census Bureau webinar. “When an area gets an increase in jobs, people will move there to work putting pressure on the housing market, which will often result in an increase in prices.”

According to a Zillow survey, most people are willing to commute 30 minutes one way and placed a lot of importance on the proximity of their home to their work.

One surprising finding: Pre-pandemic remote workers were more likely to buy in urban areas.

In 20 of the top 35 largest markets, over half of urban workers were reverse commuters. More than 70% of urban residents work outside of urban areas in markets like Orlando, Tampa and Riverside, Calif., according to the survey.

Metros that had higher urban growth in 2020 had a bigger share of reverse commuters in 2017. A metro area’s share of reverse commuters can signal how it might fare during a pandemic because it reveals the slice of population willing and able to pay for and keep urban amenities.

The graph above also shows that reverse commuters are not specific to one generation. Both the younger and older generation have been staying in metro areas like Charlotte, N.C., San Jose, Calif., and Washington, D.C.

Some people will continue to live in urban areas even without workplace proximity ties, according to Zillow.

In 2019, Zillow surveyed recent homebuyers who worked remotely at least one day a week. The findings: The ability to work from home part-time shaped their housing decisions including whether to move to a different home or location and/or remodel their home.

What Drives Housing Choices?

Most home buyers make the choice of where to buy based on affordability, amenities and major life events such as a new job, growing family or older kids moving out, says Treh Manhertz, a Zillow economist.

The mass shift to remote work — even part-time — is now another factor in homebuyers’ decisions.

A May 2020 Zillow survey found that 75% of respondents working from home during the pandemic wanted to continue to telework at least half of the time even after workplaces reopen. If long-term remote work were possible, 66% of them said they’d consider moving.

Zillow also looked at renters in major U.S. metro areas who could afford to purchase a home outside of the metro areas, if allowed to telework.

Two million renters were on the tipping point – that is, earned enough to buy the typical U.S. starter home but not in their current metro location.

Teleworking

To estimate who can work remotely by industry and occupation, Zillow combined its data with ACS and BLS data. The combined data also provided the potential to examine teleworking by race.

Different potential to telework by race

  • Industries more likely to offer a telework option include information; finance and insurance and real estate and rental and leasing; professional, scientific and technological sector; public administration; and educational services.
  • Jobs in industries such as health care, transportation, construction and retail cannot typically be performed remotely.
  • The number of Asian workers who are renters was higher in the finance and insurance, and real estate, and rental leasing industry.
  • White renters made up a greater share of those who teleworked in industries like the professional, scientific, and technological sector, and public administration.
  • Renters who could qualify to buy a home farther out can’t make a move if they work in jobs that are least likely to allow teleworking.
  • Black renters across metros were consistently more likely to earn enough to qualify for a mortgage if they worked remotely.

Working From Vacation Towns

Remote work has offered new housing options and inspired many to dream bigger and rethink where they see themselves living in the future.

Using ACS data, Zillow was able, for example, to identify vacation towns that have drawn teleworkers by looking at page views, favorites, “likes” and the number of times a visitor saved the URL of a vacation town’s website.

Combining page views and “for sale” listings, Zillow found that vacation homes were up 50% in August of 2020 compared to the same month in 2019.

Although these metrics do not necessarily confirm that viewers of the websites are moving to vacation towns, they are in line with a 66% growth in pending home sales in vacation towns, a sign that some buyers were indeed making their dreams a reality.

These examples can be found on Zillow.com/research, along with other ways Zillow and the Census Bureau partner to provide consumer research on housing.

Note: This story highlights analysis by Zillow economists featured in a recent U.S. Census Bureau webinar for data users. This analysis has not undergone statistical review and may not meet the Census Bureau’s quality standards.

Author: Earlene K.P. Dowell is a program analyst in the Census Bureau’s Economic Management Division.

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7月16日华盛顿讯,美国总统特朗普今晚黄金时段在白宫向全美发表视频讲话,质疑美国选举系统和选民信息的安全性,并指控中国广泛干预了2020年大选。 特朗普总统今晚向全美发表的这段约25分钟讲话,正值他与支持者们努力通过重新划分选区、增加投票程序步骤,质疑美国选举制度安全性性,以及在今年11月中期选举前对美国选举进行重大改革。 民调显示,随着特朗普总统支持率下滑,民主党有望重新夺回美国众议院的控制权。特朗普总统也表达了担忧,如果民主党控制美国国会参众两院,他有可能会面临调查。 特朗普总统今天指出,白宫网站上公布的文件显示,中国从2020年特朗普担任总统期间开始,“非法获取了2.2亿份美国选民档案”,“深层政府”则试图掩盖“中国阴险干预选举的程度”,同时声称中国不希望他在2020年连任。 根据美国情报界解密的评估报告,特朗普总统在2021年1月初曾看过有关外国势力威胁2020年大选的机密情报。多年来,特朗普一直坚称,他在2020年美国总统大选中败给民主党总统候选人拜登是因为存在广泛的舞弊行为。 特朗普总统在这次黄金时段的讲话中表示,新近解密的情报揭示了“我们选举基础设施中令人震惊的漏洞”。 特朗普总统认为,2020年美国总统大选存在舞弊,并且从未承认在2020年败给了民主党总统候选人拜登。当年美国总统大选结束后不久,特朗普竞选团队及其盟友在美国几乎所有摇摆州都提起了数十起诉讼,质疑选票,但几乎所有诉讼都被驳回。 自2019年2月至2020年12月曾任特朗普政府的美国司法部长威廉·巴尔(William Barr)也声称,检察官和联邦调查局(FBI)特工没有发现大规模舞弊的证据。 美国网络安全和基础设施安全局(CISA)称2020年大选是“美国历史上最安全的选举”,并指出:“没有任何证据表明任何投票系统删除或丢失了选票、篡改了选票,或以任何方式遭到破坏。” 在2020年大选后的几年里,美国几个关键州也进行了各自的审计和调查,同样没有发现大规模选民舞弊的证据。 特朗普总统已将《拯救美国法案》(SAVE America Act)列为他最重要的立法优先事项。由于美国参议院共和党人未能通过这项投票法规法案,特朗普总统及其在美国国会的盟友以此为筹码,挟持了共和党议程上的其他事项。该法案将对美国选民登记和投票实施严格的新要求,批评人士警告称,这将剥夺数百万符合资格选民的投票权。 《拯救美国法案》要求美国选民在联邦选举中登记投票时,必须亲自出示美国公民身份证明,例如护照或出生证明。该法案还要求美国选民在投票时出示带照片的身份证件。根据该法案,该带照片的身份证件还必须包含美国公民身份证明。…

1 day ago

伊朗空袭及破坏了至少3个位于中东的美军基地

7月16日讯,美国广播公司新闻网(ABC News)今天报道称,尽管美国总统特朗普宣扬美国“摧毁”了伊朗军队,但据该媒体的分析显示,自7月初美伊冲突重启以来,伊朗仍在继续炫耀武力,袭击及破坏了至少3个位于中东的美国军事基地。 美国广播公司新闻网称,该媒体对卫星图像和视频的分析表明,位于约旦、巴林和卡塔尔的军事基地在伊朗声称发动的导弹和无人机袭击中遭到破坏。科威特境内的一处前联合国基地和一处工业区也遭到袭击。 据该媒体报道,尽管这一系列袭击造成的作战损失似乎有限,但外交政策研究所(FPRI)研究员萨姆·莱尔(Sam Lair)表示,这仍然表明美国“未能成功削弱其兵力,使其无法再发动此类袭击”。 莱尔称,7月12日的卫星图像显示,位于巴林的美国海军第五舰队总部的一栋仓库建筑明显受损。“自战争爆发以来,这里一直是伊朗最喜欢袭击的目标。” 莱尔声称,该仓库屋顶似乎有个洞。 莱尔还声称:“我认为重要的不是仓库本身,而是这个地点所代表的意义。” 他还补充道,这“具有象征意义”,表明“伊朗人有能力对美国目标构成威胁”。 美国广播公司新闻网报道称,中东研究所政策副总裁、前中央情报局(CIA)军事分析师肯·波拉克(Ken Pollack)表示,伊朗人“正在寻找他们确信能够打击的目标”,并“控制局势升级”。波拉克称,伊朗袭击军事基地而非民用目标,并表示袭击军事基地面临的美国报复风险较小。波拉克还称,自今年2月底冲突爆发以来,伊朗就开始试探美国和海湾国家的防御能力,他们可能已经“发现了我们防线上的漏洞”。 波拉克说:“重要的是要记住,对伊朗人来说,他们不需要完全关闭霍尔木兹海峡的贸易。他们不需要摧毁阿拉伯半岛上的每一座城市。他们只需要能够发出这样的威胁就行了。” 波拉克称,伊朗对海湾国家的周期性袭击“绝对会摧毁它们为自己规划的未来——而这正是伊朗所指望的”。 莱尔表示,此次袭击造成的破坏“可能会使乌代德空军基地的飞行行动难以维持”。他形容该基地“很容易接近”且“防御薄弱”,但他补充说,“在2月底战争爆发前,基地内许多最敏感的物资以及大量人员已被转移,我不确定有多少物资和人员已被归还。” 莱尔说,“你或许应该尝试进一步削弱该基地的能力,尤其因为它是中央司令部最大的枢纽之一。”但他同时警告说,“这些袭击的作战影响尚不明确。”…

1 day ago